Some currencies have been backed by specific commodities. Nowadays the values of currencies mostly comes down to credibility of the governments issuing it. Bitcoin is weird in that its backing in that sense could be considered to be from solving really hard math problems, like Folding@Home with the difference being that it makes the world worse.
In truth, bitcoin isn't really backed by much, isn't taken as a payment in most places, and doesn't have any practical use outside of a medium of exchange (gold is a commodity like oil, meat, and car wax -- but what can you do with a bitcoin?). Supply and demand affect commodities; government relations and interest rate policy are some of the major drivers of currency value. Generally these are fairly stable values over time, especially currency. The problem with bitcoin is that it only has value because people say it does (at least you can read a copy of Action Comics #1), and unlike with most actual currencies there isn't a consolidated group trying to keep the price from tending to extremes. Bitcoin winds up trying to be a currency while replicating the worst aspects of speculative commodities trading (high tendency to bubble economies) and even failing to be a useful product the way most commodities are. It might be fair to think of Bitcoin as the commodification of hype, in that people invest in bitcoin specifically because lots of other people are investing in bitcoin (if this sounds like a lot like a ponzi scheme to you, well, it has all the same pitfalls, at least).
But I don't know, when I see people promoting it on Reddit they always tell me, like, something something antisemitic dogwhistle, so Bitcoin surely must be a good idea.