Donald Trump was clear with Latin America during his four-year administration: don't do business with China. The message failed to hit home.
A Reuters investigation, including interviews with current and former officials and advisers, and an analysis of trade data, found that under Trump, China has left the United States trailing in terms of power and influence across most of Latin America.
Since 2018, China has overtaken the United States as the biggest trade partner to Latin America - if Mexico is removed from the calculations - hoovering up Andean copper, Argentine grains and Brazilian meat.
Beijing has ramped up investment and low-interest loans to the region too, backing energy projects, solar farms, dams, ports, railway lines and highways.
Bolivian ex-President Jorge Quiroga explained the draw of China during an interview with Reuters in La Paz earlier this year, adding that along with local powerhouse Brazil it was the most important partner.
"People ask me who I prefer, the United States or Europe? I say Brazil. What about in second place? I say China. That's the reality of South America," Quiroga said.
Officials in the region cautioned that China, a major economic and diplomatic partner for many nations, will be difficult to unseat. Billions of Chinese dollars have given crucial lifelines for indebted emerging countries, a need that has been sharpened by the impact of the coronavirus pandemic.
"I think China has more interest in Argentina than the United States has in Argentina. And that is what makes the difference," an Argentine government official told Reuters.
"Trump did not show any interest. Let's hope Biden does."
China is now the number one trade partner to Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay and others. It far outstrips the United States in terms of trade with Argentina.
China seized the opportunity during the pandemic to deepen ties across Latin America, sending medical supplies including ventilators and masks to combat COVID-19.
In Latin America, a Biden White House faces a rising China
Donald Trump was clear with Latin America during his four-year administration: don't do business with China. The message failed to hit home.
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